The binding modes and binding affinities of artemisinin derivatives with Plasmodium falciparum Ca2+-ATPase (PfATP6)

Abstract

Noncompetitive inhibitors of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) orthologue (PfATP6) of P. falciparum have important therapeutic value in the treatment of malaria. Artemisinin and its analogues are one such class of inhibitors which bind to a hydrophobic pocket located in the transmembrane region of PfATP6 near the biomembrane surface and interfere with calcium transport. The 3D structure of PfATP6 was modeled by homology modeling. A library consisting of 150 artemisinin analogues has been designed. Their molecular interactions and binding affinities with modeled PfATP6 protein have been studied using the docking, molecular mechanics based on generalized Born/surface area (MMGBSA) solvation model and multi-ligand bimolecular association with energetics (eMBrAcE). Structure activity relationship models were developed between the antimalarial activity (log RA) and molecular descriptors like docking score and binding free energy. For both the cases the r2 was in the range of 0.538–0.688 indicating good data fit and r2 cv was in the range of 0.525–0.679 indicating that the predictive capabilities of the models were acceptable. Besides, a scheme similar to linear response was used to develop free energy of binding (FEB) relationship based on electrostatic (ΔGele), van der Waal (ΔGvdW) and surface accessible surface area (SASA), which can express the activity of these artemisinin derivatives. It has been seen that ΔGvdW has most significant correlation to the activity (log RA) and electrostatic energy (ΔGele) has less significant correlation. It indicates that the binding of these artemisinin derivatives to PfATP6 is almost hydrophobic. Low levels of root mean square error for the majority of inhibitors establish the docking, Prime/MM-GBSA and eMBrAcE based prediction model is an efficient tool for generating more potent and specific inhibitors of PfATP6 by testing rationally designed lead compound based on artemisinin derivatization.