Phylogenetic Analysis:GeneDuplicationandSpeciation

Abstract

Significant progresshasbeenmadeinthepastfewdecadesinunderstandingDarwin’s theoryoftheoriginofspecies.Different genomic methodshavehelpedtounderstandthegeneticvariationsandgene flow thatmakesnewspecies(Magadum et al., 2013; Shapiro et al., 2016). Althoughnewmethodshavenotchangedthepreviousspeculationsabouthowspeciesformed,theyhave quickened thepaceofinformationgathering(Reams andRoth,2015). Compilingstudiesonhereditaryinvestigationswouldbe useful toanswerqueriesoftheupcominggenerationsontherelativeoccurrenceandsignificance ofvariousproceduresthatoccur during speciation(Liu et al., 2016). Many 20thcenturybiologistsviewedgenesastraitsofspecies,exquisitelytunedtocurrentutility.Thisresultedinthe assumption thateachspeciesshouldpossessdifferentgenes.Geneduplicationwasrecognized,butwasimplicitlyassumedtohave occurred recently(Rose andOakley,2007). Manybiologistsnowassumethatmostgeneshavetheiroriginsingeneduplication events, whichhappenthroughoutevolutionaryhistory.Asaresult,manygenesformfamiliesthathavepersistedforhundredsof millions ofyears. Geneduplicationeventsandresultsofsucheventsplayacrucialroleindeterminationofthefunctionofnovelgenes.Therehave beenvariousmodelsandtheoriesthathaveemergedtosupporttheconceptofgenecopies(Liu et al.,2016; Singh et al., 2009). However,aclearpictureofgeneduplicationeventsisstillnotclearandneedsmoreinformationtocometoanyconclusion.Different predictionsoftwareandtoolsbasedmodelssuchashiddenMarkovmodelsgiveinsighttoevolutionaryfunctionalpropertiesand dynamics(SinghandPardasani,2009). Hence,understandingthegeneduplicationeventsandspeciationisanessentialsteptowards understandingandidentifyingthemajormechanismsthatareinvolvedintheevolution(Seehausen et al.